Usually, the distance between an observer and a bird will be greater than the range at which the naked eye can see an object in detail. While it is possible to closely approach some birds, most are apprehensive of people. Therefore, good optical equipment is a must for birders.
Binoculars
The most basic piece of equipment for a birder. Waterproof 7 x 35 or 8 x 40 models are a good balance between durability, weight, and clarity.
Spotting scope (optional)
Essentially a small telescope designed for daytime use. Although spotting scopes boast exceptional optical quality and powerful magnifications up to 60X, they can be expensive ($1500+) and moderately heavy to carry. Their weight and magnification also make a sturdy tripod necessary.
Spotting scopes can used as super-telephoto lenses for some models of cameras. This is called digiscoping.
Camera (optional)
Most birders are not photographers. However, from a birding perspective, photographs can be a good way to document bird sightings. For casual use, a point-and-shoot digital camera can be sufficient. For better optics and and image quality, a SLR with a telephoto lense is recommended.
Note: Some binoculars and even spotting scopes have built-in digital cameras. Although these all-in-one devices may seem appealing, the cameras are usually low resolution (2-3 megapixels).
For suggestions about birding equipment manufacturers, visit the resources page.
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